Air movement plays a crucial role in the development of most weather conditions. At ground level, though, strong winds can adversely affect surface conditions. Shelterbelts help to limit their damaging effects.

One can see the impact of constant wind movement on the environment through wind erosion occurring in different regions. Along the coast, exposed sand dunes retreat inland due to wind activity, while topsoil is removed from fertile land in increasingly arid territories.

Wind can also have a negative impact on agriculture. It can damage or even destroy entire crops and also harm livestock that is sensitive to extreme temperatures.

These are just a few examples where persistent wind activity is not only unwelcome but also damaging, with potentially huge implications. Here, relatively simple but very effective human innovation comes into play. It is called a shelterbelt.

Shelterbelts are used throughout the world as an artificial barrier to protect against the harmful effects of wind activity.

Also known as windbreaks, shelterbelts serve a number of different purposes. The main objective always remains the same, though, which is to protect selected areas against potentially damaging wind forces.

Before describing how it works in more detail, it is necessary to define what a shelterbelt is:

Shelterbelt Definition

A shelterbelt is a barrier of vegetation, usually consisting of lines of trees and shrubs, created to restrict the damaging effects of wind activity. It is used in agriculture to protect crops and livestock and in environmental protection by guarding against erosion through topsoil depletion.

The main goal and purpose of shelterbelts is to reduce wind velocity dramatically. It accomplishes this task by planting one or more lines of vegetation in the path of a prevailing wind to protect a selected area.

The line of vegetation usually consists of a combination of trees and shrubs to be most effective. Depending on the specific goal, several lines of vegetation can be planted to provide optimum protection.

The protected area downwind from the windbreak can experience very little to no wind, depending on the density and number of lines of the protective barrier. The windless region created by a shelterbelt is known as a wind shadow.

As stated in the previous section, a shelterbelt protects a specified area by significantly reducing or eliminating the wind speed over the protected region. The protected area can be a field of crops, livestock, or an area of land that is vulnerable to wind erosion.

The illustration above will help explain how a typical shelterbelt works in practice. Although the figures and measurements will differ from one type of windbreak to another, the fundamental principles remain the same.

The following fundamentals provide a thorough overview of the process through which a shelterbelt functions:

1. 1. A shelterbelt is situated upwind (on the windward side) from the protected area.
   2. The windbreak is situated perpendicular (at a 90° angle) to the wind direction to provide maximum protection.
   3. The trees and shrubs used in shelterbelts are semi-permeable, which is crucial. A solid impermeable windbreak causes a sudden disruption of the wind flow. It results in turbulent instead of calm air on the leeward side of the barrier.
   4. As the moving air reaches the windbreak, pressure builds up on the windward side of the barrier. The majority of the air is forced over the top of the shelterbelt. Some escape along the edges while the remaining air filters through the trees and shrubs.
   5. The wind traveling over the top of the windbreak accelerates, creating a jet of fast-flowing air. It travels aloft for a distance before descending back to the surface.
   6. The distance the air travels before dropping down is approximately 3-5 times the height of the shelterbelt.
   7. As a result, a calm area of low pressure is created on the leeward side of the windbreak. The length and amount of air movement in this sheltered location depend on the height and density of the shelterbelt.
   8. After descending back to the ground, the air that traveled over the sheltered region regains momentum and speed.
   9. The air pressure at the surface also returns to normal at this point. It acts as a high-pressure buffer to further limit the movement of air within the protected area behind it.

Although differing in size and height, all shelterbelts form and function in the way described in these steps.

As mentioned earlier in this post, a shelterbelt is used for a number of different purposes. The most notable application is in the agricultural sector to protect crops and livestock, but also in the environment to protect against wind erosion.

The following list provides a concise summary of the primary applications of shelterbelts used for protecting and shielding different areas:

• • The first and most common use of windbreaks is the creation of barriers on farmland to protect crops. Strong winds will not only completely destroy young seedlings but also break and damage grown plants.
  • In warm weather, prevailing winds can dry out plants and soil, which can stunt their growth and cause permanent damage. In cold weather, the wind chill can lower temperatures to the point where crops can be damaged or even killed.
  • Shelterbelts are also used to protect livestock. Cold conditions caused by wind chill force animals to adjust to temperatures below their thermal neutral zone*, which results in weight loss and can also lead to hypothermia, which can be fatal.
  • Windbreaks play a crucial role in the protection of the environment. Placing these barriers in front of exposed land or other areas vulnerable to wind erosion protects and assists in restoring damaged regions.
  • Shelterbelts are also used to control snowdrifts. They are used to stop snow from entering an unwanted area, like a road or homestead, or to keep snowdrifts in place. (The melting water from snow is useful in irrigating pieces of land.)
  • On a farm or other exposed area, a shelterbelt is used as a visual screen. It protects from being seen and potentially becoming a target of crime, and also masks unsightly objects like roads and buildings from view.

  (* Thermal neutral zone is the temperature at which an animal experiences optimal health and performance.)

As this post clearly illustrates, shelterbelts or windbreaks are a simple but effective means of protecting against the damaging effects of prevailing winds. They also have a wide range of applications, varying from the practical to the aesthetic.

This article illustrates what a shelterbelt/windbreak is, how it works, as well as highlights its various uses.

Until next time, keep your eye on the weather!